Researchers investigate river almond to track sources of antimicrobial resistance

Scientists from The James Hutton Institute, in collaboration with the University of Stirling, are conducting a detailed investigation into the sources of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in the River Almond.

AMR is widely recognised as one of the most pressing global public health threats, reducing the effectiveness of antibiotics and making once-treatable infections increasingly difficult to manage. While often seen as a medical issue, environmental factors—particularly pollution in waterways—play a significant role in its spread. Flooding, sewer overflows, and agricultural runoff can introduce a mix of contaminants into rivers, promoting the development of drug-resistant microbes, often referred to as “superbugs.”

This year-long study, launched in March and coordinated by Scottish Water, is funded through the Hydro Nation Chair Research and Innovation Programme. Researchers are examining 14 potential sources of AMR along the River Almond, including wastewater treatment plants, septic tanks, disused mining sites, and runoff from farms and motorways.

More than 30 water samples have already been collected, with additional sampling scheduled throughout the year. At The James Hutton Institute, researchers are now extracting DNA from these samples to identify AMR-related genes, while also measuring pollutant levels known to exacerbate resistance, such as heavy metals, pharmaceuticals, and faecal matter.

The project aims to shed light on how different pollution sources contribute to the spread of AMR in the environment and to inform more effective monitoring and mitigation strategies in the future.

Dr. Eulyn Pagaling, who is leading the project at the Hutton, explained: “We already know that pollutants like faeces, pharmaceuticals, and heavy metals can accelerate AMR in the environment. What we’re trying to uncover is the relative contribution of each pollution source. Once we understand that, we can better target interventions to reduce the AMR threat.”

Professor Andrew Tyler FRSE, Scotland’s Hydro Nation Chair at the University of Stirling, added: “This research, supported by Hydro Nation Chair funding, is a vital step in establishing a baseline understanding of AMR in river systems and the various factors driving it. The findings will be instrumental in shaping future policy and practice.”

A spokesperson for Scottish Water emphasised the importance of the work: “We are committed to understanding and addressing the impact of antimicrobial resistance in our waterways. This partnership with ForthERA and the University of Stirling will support the development of digital tools and models to track AMR, offering a major step forward in identifying key pollution sources in the River Almond.

By analysing DNA and pollutant levels, we aim to clearly identify major contributors to AMR and develop focused strategies to reduce its environmental footprint. This research is essential for protecting public health and preserving the ecological health of our rivers. We’re proud to support this important initiative and look forward to the insights it will bring.”