Water/wastewater
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Currently water monitoring is performed according to EU Directives and National laws and is organised in temporal sampling and analysis of contaminants. Over several decades a wide range of tools, commonly called biosensors, have been developed for monitoring water quality. These devices can produce an early warning, a precocious alarm that can be used for sampling the “same” water that produces the warning; furthermore, this water sample can be used for biological assays, including biomarkers and ecotoxicology tests that provide extremely useful information on classification of pollutants.
IET 36.2 Mar/Apr 2026